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The term Linux unofficially covers all UNIX-based operating systems, but Linux is, in reality, a UNIX-based operating system. Linux is known for its rigid security structure and stability, although it is not very good yet when it comes to ease of use. Linux does have GUI now, but Windows still scores over Linux on the GUI end.

Linux was developed by Linus Benedict Torvalds in 1991 when he was a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland. It was freely distributed over the Internet and, since then, has become a very widely used web hosting platform.

The cost

1. Linux is open source and free to use. There are no licensing costs involved (unless you want to use the paid version)

2. Many components used on a Linux server are freely available as well. Apache webserver, which is similar to IIS on Windows, is free. Perl, MySQL, PHP, Python, and Ruby are some freely available programming languages you can use on a Linux server. Many Mail Transfer Agents (MTAs), such as Sendmail, and others are also free to use. This makes Linux hosting cheap and a widely popular choice of people with a limited budget for hosting.

3. With open source structure, you have a very wide range of freely available scripts, applications, tools, etc., designed to work with Linux hosting, which makes it very easy for newbie web-masters / designers to build a website. While some open source Windows applications are also available, it’s easier to find open source applications for Linux.

4. HTML is platform-independent and works on both Windows and Linux. So, if your site has only HTML pages, Linux-based hosting may be the best choice for you as it is cheaper.

Other advantages of Linux hosting

1. Linux-based servers are very stable. The security model used on Linux makes it an easily manageable, secure operating system.

2. Linux-based servers can be used to build a very strong control interface due to their system architecture.

3. Many popular control panels are available for Linux servers. WHM/cPanel is one that is very easy to use.

4. By lots of circles Linux hosting is supposed to be much securing than Windows hosting, and for that reason only Linux server hosting is also the more popular choice for web designers and programmers.

5. There are many kinds of databases that run on Linux hosting, but the most widespread most likely among web host providers are mSQL, MySQL and PostgreSQL. These databases are relational by nature, and permit vastly optimised communication with your website for rapid reclamation of data.

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Sr. No.	Command	Use
1	apt-get install xxx / yum install xxx	Any software installation from Internet
2	vim (file name)	file edit in terminal
3	tar -zxvf yourfile.tar.gz	Extract file
4	tar cvf alldocs.tar *.doc	create tar file
		c Create a new archive.
		t List the contents of an archive.
		x Extract the contents of an archive.
		f The archive file name is given on the command line (required whenever the tar output is going to a file)
		M The archive can span multiple floppies.
		v Print verbose output (list file names as they are processed).
		u Add files to the archive if they are newer than the copy in the tar file.
		z Compress or decompress files automatically.
5	unzip filename.zip	unzip zip file
6	Ctrl+F1	For open Menu bar
7	init 0	Shutdown
8	init 1	For singal Mode only for root user
9	init 2	Multiusers ( Without Network)
10	init 3	Multiusers ( With Network)
11	init 4	Not In Use
12	init 5	Normal Mode With GUI
13	init 6	Reboot
14	apt-get install update / yum install update	Means update all application which are install on ur pc
15	fdisk -l	Partition table manipulator for Linux
16	mount smb filesystem	mount -a //192.168.0.xxx/sharing foldername /mnt/any folder (where u want to mount)
17	mount partition	mount /dev/sda5 /media/disk
18	lsusb	list USB devices
19	lspci	list all PCI devices
20	top	Display linux task
21	ps	report a snapshot of the current processes
22	chmod -R 777	Change file permission (Users, Groups, Others0
		Read =4
		Write =2
		Excute =1
23	chown	Change file owner OR Group
24	useradd OR adduser	For add users OR create Users
25	groupadd Or addgroup	For add Group OR create Group
26	File Name 1. passwd 2. group 3.shadow 4.gshadow	When if you change in user or group effected those files
27	usermod -s /bin/bash usrename	change user shell
28	userdel OR deluser	Delete user
29	groupdel OR delgroup	Delete group
30	usermod -G groupname username	Change user group
31	system-config-date	Change date and time
32	system-config-display	Change display setting
33	system-config-network	Change network configuration
34	system-config-printer	Printer settings
35	system-config-soundcard	Change sound settings
36	system-config-SELinux	Change SELinux management settings
37	passwd	Change password
38	ps -e	Output of background process
39	Kill -9 processID	kill process
40	su -usrename	switch user
41	chkconfig service on/off OR /etc/init.d/servicename	services enable Or disable
42	service servicename start/restart/stop OR /etc/init.d/servicename	All services can start/restart/stop
43	blkid	command-line utility to locate/print block device attributes
44	man	Display information from the online reference manuals. man locates and prints the named title from the designated reference section.
45	pwd	print working directory
46	df	amount of free disk space available on all mounted filesystems or on the given name
47	du	Print disk usage
48	mke2fs /dev/sda5	For format sda5 drive
49	mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda5	Format sda5 drive ext3 filesystem
50	uname -a	Print information about the machine and operating system. Without options, print the name of the kernel (Linux).
51	touch filename	create a new file
52	ifconfig	TCP/IP command. Assign an address to a network interface and/or configure network interface parameters.
53	ls	List contents of directories
54	telnet	Access remote systems
55	sudo	If you are allowed, execute command as the superuser.
56	tail	Print the last 10 lines of each named file
57	kudzu	Red Hat Linux and relatives only. Detects new and changed hardware by comparing existing hardware against a database in /etc/sysconfig/hwconfig. Users are then given the opportunity to configure the hardware. Runs automatically at boot time.
58	clear	Clear the terminal display. Equivalent to pressing Ctrl-L.
59	hostid	Print the ID number in hexadecimal of the current host.
60	hostname	Set or display name of current host system.
61	sh	The standard Unix shell, a command interpreter into which all other commands are entered. On modern versions of Linux, this is just another name for the bash shell. For legacy Linux versions and other Unix flavors, be careful not to rely on sh and bash being equivalent.
62	uptime	Prints the system uptime.
63	w	Prints the current system users.
64	free	Displays the amount of used and free system memory
65	df -h	check partition sizes
66	du -s -h /var/log/	check directory size
67	du -s -h /var/log/*	check every directory and file sizes under a dir.
68	du -s -h /var/log/lastlog	check individual size size

Published By,
Sanket Gandhi

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Low cost:
There is no need to spend time and huge amount money to obtain licenses since Linux and much of it’s software come with the GNU General Public License. There is no need to worry about any software’s that you use in Linux.

Stability:
Linux has high stability compared with other operating systems. There is no need to reboot the Linux system to maintain performance levels. Rarely it freeze up or slow down. It has a continuous up-times of hundreds of days or more.

Performance:
Linux provides high performance on various networks. It has the ability to handle large numbers of users simultaneously.

Networking:
Linux provides a strong support for network functionality; client and server systems can be easily set up on any computer running Linux. It can perform tasks like network backup more faster than other operating systems.

Flexibility:
Linux is very flexible. Linux can be used for high performance server applications, desktop applications, and embedded systems. You can install only the needed components for a particular use. You can also restrict the use of specific computers.

Compatibility:
It runs all common Unix software packages and can process all common file formats.

Wider Choice:
There is a large number of Linux distributions which gives you a wider choice. Each organization develop and support different distribution. You can pick the one you like best; the core function’s are the same.

Fast and easy installation:
Linux distributions come with user-friendly installation.

Better use of hard disk:
Linux uses its resources well enough even when the hard disk is almost full.

Multitasking:
Linux is a multitasking operating system. It can handle many things at the same time.

Security:
Linux is one of the most secure operating systems. File ownership and permissions make linux more secure.

Open source:
Linux is an Open source operating systems. You can easily get the source code for linux and edit it to develop your personal operating system.

Today, Linux is widely used for both basic home and office uses. It is the main operating system used for high performance business and in web servers. Linux has made a high impact in this world.

Published By,
Sanket Gandhi

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Linux is an open-source Operating System. People can change codes and add programs to Linux OS which will help use your computer better. Linux evolved as a reaction to the monopoly position of windows. you can’t change any code for windows OS. You can’t even see which processes do what and build your own extension. Linux wants the programmers to extend and redesign it’s OS. Linux user’s can edit its OS and design new OS.

All flavors of Windows come from Microsoft. Linux come from different companies like LIndows , Lycoris, Red Hat, SuSe, Mandrake, Knopping, Slackware.

Linux is freely available for desktop or home use but Windows is expensive. For server use, Linux is cheap compared to Windows. Microsoft allows a single copy of Windows to be used on one computer. You can run Linux n…… number of computers. And also you can use for server because of security level are high from windows.

Linux has high security. You have to log on to Linux with a user id and password. You can login as root or as normal user.

In Linux “Root” is super user. Root have all right and privilege. And In windows “Administrator” have all right.

Linux has a reputation for fewer bugs than Windows.

Windows must boot from a primary partition. Linux can boot from either a primary partition or a logical partition inside an extended partition. Windows must boot from the first hard disk. Linux can boot from any hard disk in the computer.

Windows uses a hidden file for its swap file. Typically this file resides in the same partition as the OS (advanced users can opt to put the file in another partition). Linux uses a dedicated partition for its swap file.

Windows separates directories with a back slash while Linux uses a normal forward slash.

Windows file names are not case sensitive. Linux file names are. For example “abc” and “aBC” are different files in Linux, whereas in Windows it would refer to the same file.

Windows and Linux have different concepts for their file hierarchy. Windows uses a volume-based file hierarchy while Linux uses a unified scheme. Windows uses letters of the alphabet to represent different devices and different hard disk partitions. eg: c: , d: , e: etc.. while in linux “ / ” is the main directory. In linux file system name are ext2, ext3, ext4 etc… and  in windows file system name are FAT, FAT32, NTFS.

If you install ‘ntfs-3g’ package in your linux then only you would be able to use the ntfs partition, but in windows there is no software for using ext2,ext3, ext4 file system.

If you want to install software in linux, you need to find “.rpm” extension package/software and you also have to install “.exe” package but before that you have to install ‘wine’ package/software.

Linux and windows support the concept of hidden files. In Linux hidden files begin with ” . “, eg: .filename OR .folder-name

In Linux each user will have a home directory and all his files will be save under it while in windows the user saves his files anywhere in the drive. This makes difficult to have backup for his contents. In Linux its easy to have backup’s.

Published By,
Sanket Gandhi

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Linux Disable USB Devices (Disable loading of USB Storage Driver)

The USB storage drive automatically detects USB flash or hard drives. You can easily force and disable USB storage devices under any Linux distribution. The modprobe program used for automatic kernel module loading and can be configured to not load the USB storage driver upon demand. This will prevent the modprobe program from loading the usb-storage module, but will not prevent root (or another program) from using the insmod program to load the module manually.

Type the following command:
# echo ‘install usb-storage : ‘ >> /etc/modprobe.conf
You can also remove USB Storage driver, enter:
# ls /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/usb-storage.ko
# mv /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/usb/storage/usb-storage.ko /root
——————————————————————————————————————————————————–
BIOS option

You can also disable USB from system BIOS configuration option. Make sure BIOS is password protected.
——————————————————————————————————————————————————–
Grub option

You can get rid of all USB devices by disabling kernel support for USB via GRUB. Open grub.conf or menu.lst (Under Debian / Ubuntu Linux) and append “nousb” to the kernel line as follows:
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-128.1.1.el5 ro root=LABEL=/ console=tty0 console=ttyS1,19200n8 nousb Save and close the file. Once done just reboot the system:
# reboot
———————————————————————————————————————————————————
In terminal
modprobe -r usb_storage
# reboot.
———————————————————————————————————————————————————-
For XP
Go to Start->Run and type regedit.
“HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\UsbStor\Start” to 4.
# reboot

Published By,
Sanket Gandhi